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Updated 2026-07-10. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
Tesamorelin occupies a narrow position among agents that act on the growth hormone axis. Unlike growth hormone itself, which is given as replacement, it stimulates the pituitary to release the hormone in pulses, so the downstream increase in insulin-like growth factor 1 depends on intact somatotroph function. Other peptides in the same family include shorter GHRH fragments and synthetic secretagogues with different stability profiles. Several points remain unresolved, including whether the reduction in visceral fat translates into fewer cardiovascular events, what happens to metabolic markers after long-term use, and how the drug compares with lifestyle or surgical approaches.
Tesamorelin is a synthetic peptide that belongs to the growth hormone-releasing hormone family and contains the same forty-four amino acid sequence as endogenous GHRH, extended at the amino terminus by a trans-3-hexenoyl group. That small fatty acid modification protects the peptide from rapid cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase-4, the enzyme that shortens the half-life of native GHRH to only a few minutes. Chemically the compound is produced by solid-phase peptide synthesis, purified by chromatography, and supplied as a sterile lyophilized powder for reconstitution.
Clinical interest in tesamorelin arose from the need to address visceral adiposity in people living with HIV. Antiretroviral therapy improved survival but was associated in some patients with central fat accumulation, altered lipid profiles, and metabolic complications. This condition, often called HIV-associated lipodystrophy, involves excess visceral adipose tissue that is difficult to manage through diet and exercise alone. Investigators evaluated tesamorelin because GHRH analogs can stimulate growth hormone secretion and influence fat distribution without direct liposuction or invasive procedures.
A Phase 3 program led to regulatory approval in the United States in 2010 for reduction of excess visceral abdominal fat in adults with HIV and lipodystrophy. Subsequent studies examined effects on liver fat, muscle area, and metabolic markers, with mixed findings for some endpoints. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes and effects on mortality remain uncertain because most trials were relatively short and focused on imaging-based fat measurements. Use in populations without HIV has been studied experimentally but is not part of the approved indication.
Tesamorelin is a synthetic analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone, a peptide hormone produced by the hypothalamus. The molecule retains the 44-amino-acid sequence of human GHRH and carries a trans-3-hexenoyl modification at its N-terminus. This modification increases resistance to enzymatic degradation and extends the peptide's functional stability relative to native GHRH. The compound is supplied as a lyophilized powder for reconstitution and subcutaneous administration in clinical settings. Its development code was TH9507, and it belongs to the GHRH analog class. It is not a growth hormone product; instead, it acts upstream to stimulate endogenous growth hormone release.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Peptide class | Synthetic GHRH analogue | 44 residues; N-terminal trans-3-hexenoyl group |
| First approval year | 2010 | United States; HIV-associated abdominal fat accumulation |
| Administration route | Subcutaneous injection | Abdominal site; clinician-administered or self-injected |
| Common synonyms | TH9507; tesamorelin acetate | Development code and acetate salt form |
| Originator | Canadian biotechnology firm | Original developer and regulatory sponsor |
在临床研究之外，特沙莫瑞林常被讨论为生长激素分泌促进剂，但这一说法需要限定。它并不等同于生长激素本身，也不属于普通减重药物。部分研究关注其减少腹部脂肪和改善脂质谱的潜力，另一些研究则关注胰岛素抵抗和 IGF-1 升高等信号。这些效应的临床意义仍在评估中，尚未形成统一结论。
特沙莫瑞林是一种合成肽，其序列与人生长激素释放激素的 44 个氨基酸形式相关。它在 N 端带有反式-3-己烯酰基修饰，这一改动可减缓二肽基肽酶 IV 的降解。该化合物属于生长激素释放激素受体激动剂，可刺激垂体释放生长激素。研究文献通常将其归入合成肽类药物，而非小分子化合物。
Binding of tesamorelin to GHRH receptors on pituitary somatotroph cells triggers cyclic AMP signaling and the release of growth hormone into circulation. Because the peptide acts upstream of the growth hormone axis, its effects are partly mediated by hepatic insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) production. The pulsatile character of endogenous growth hormone secretion is preserved rather than replaced. Whether amplified signaling produces effects beyond those of native GHRH remains an area of ongoing investigation.
A documented effect of tesamorelin is a reduction in visceral adipose tissue in some study populations. Researchers have reported decreases in trunk fat measured by computed tomography alongside changes in lipid markers. The mechanism is thought to involve growth hormone-mediated lipolysis, though the precise contribution of direct versus indirect pathways is not fully resolved. Studies have generally examined defined groups over finite periods, so long-term outcomes are less well characterized. Findings have not been uniform across all trials.
Tesamorelin is a synthetic peptide that belongs to the growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) family. Its sequence corresponds to the fully active 44-amino-acid form of human GHRH, with a single structural modification: the addition of a trans-3-hexenoyl group at the N-terminus. That modification is not found in the naturally occurring hormone and was introduced deliberately during development to improve stability against enzymatic degradation. The compound is therefore best described as a stabilized analogue rather than a naturally occurring peptide.
The native hormone is produced in the hypothalamus and acts on the anterior pituitary. Binding of GHRH to its receptor stimulates synthesis and release of growth hormone into circulation. Because the analogue retains the receptor-binding region of the parent sequence, it engages the same receptor and triggers the same downstream signaling. The result is increased growth hormone secretion from pituitary cells, which in turn influences hepatic production of insulin-like growth factor 1. This axis is the basis for the compound's measured biological effects.
==== Astronomy ==== In astronomy, in situ measurement involves collecting data directly at or near a celestial object using spacecraft or instruments physically present at the location. For example, the Parker Solar Probe conducts in situ studies of the Sun's atmosphere, while the Cassini–Huygens mission similarly analyzed Saturn's magnetosphere. In situ formation refers to astronomical objects that formed at their current locations without significant migration. Some theories propose that planets, such as Earth, formed in their present orbits rather than moving from elsewhere. Star clusters may form within their host galaxy, rather than being accreted from external sources.
=== Respired gas monitor === Mass spectrometers were used in hospitals for respiratory gas analysis beginning around 1975 through the end of the century. Some are probably still in use but none are currently being manufactured. Found mostly in the operating room, they were a part of a complex system, in which respired gas samples from patients undergoing anesthesia were drawn into the instrument through a valve mechanism designed to sequentially connect up to 32 rooms to the mass spectrometer. A computer directed all operations of the system. The data collected from the mass spectrometer was delivered to the individual rooms for the anesthesiologist to use. The uniqueness of this magnetic sector mass spectrometer may have been the fact that a plane of detectors, each purposely positioned to collect all of the ion species expected to be in the samples, allowed the instrument to simultaneously report all of the gases respired by the patient. Although the mass range was limited to slightly over 120 u, fragmentation of some of the heavier molecules negated the need for a higher detection limit.
According to this notion, after the fall of the Christian stronghold of Acre in 1291 and the subsequent persecution by the victorious Mamluks, these crusaders sought refuge in the mountains of Lebanon and settled there permanently. The only early Arab historian who mentions the Druze is the eleventh century Christian scholar Yahya of Antioch, who clearly refers to the heretical group created by ad-Darazī, rather than the followers of Hamza ibn 'Alī. Yahya of Antioch was a Melkite Christian physician and historian of the 11th century. He was most likely born in Fatimid Egypt. He became a physician, but the anti-Christian policies of Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (r. 996–1021) forced him to flee to Byzantine-held Antioch. The life of Hamza ibn Ali and his exact role in the birth of the Druze movement are not entirely clear, as the chief sources about him—the contemporary Christian chronicler Yahya of Antioch, the Muslim historian Ibn Zafir, and Hamza's own epistles—are often contradictory.
==== Generic drugs ==== Generic drugs are chemical and therapeutic equivalents of name-brand drugs, normally whose patents have expired. Approved generic drugs should have the same dosage, safety, effectiveness, strength, stability, and quality, as well as route of administration. In general, they are less expensive than their name brand counterparts, are manufactured and marketed by rival companies and, in the 1990s, accounted for about a third of all prescriptions written in the United States. For a pharmaceutical company to gain approval to produce a generic drug, the FDA requires scientific evidence that the generic drug is interchangeable with or therapeutically equivalent to the originally approved drug. This is called an Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA). 80% of prescription drugs sold in the United States are generic brands.
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== Frequency of use == Oxazepam, along with diazepam, nitrazepam, and temazepam, were the four benzodiazepines listed on the pharmaceutical benefits scheme and represented 82% of the benzodiazepine prescriptions in Australia in 1990–1991. It is in several countries the benzodiazepine of choice for novice users, due to a low chance of accumulation and a relatively slow absorption speed.
During the 1990s, Brazil saw a surge of critical and commercial success with films such as O Quatrilho (Fábio Barreto, 1995), O Que É Isso, Companheiro? (Bruno Barreto, 1997) and Central do Brasil (Walter Salles, 1998), all of which were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, the latter receiving a Best Actress nomination for Fernanda Montenegro. The 2002 crime film City of God, directed by Fernando Meirelles, was critically acclaimed, scoring 90% on Rotten Tomatoes, being placed in Roger Ebert's Best Films of the Decade list and receiving four Academy Award nominations in 2004, including Best Director. Notable film festivals in Brazil include the São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro International Film Festivals and the Gramado Festival. The film I'm Still Here, directed by Walter Salles, was nominated for Best Actress (Torres) and Best Picture at the 97th Academy Awards, and won Best International Feature Film, becoming the first-ever Brazilian produced film to win an Academy Award. The film The Secret Agent had its world premiere at the main competition of the 2025 Cannes Film Festival on 18 May 2025, where it won the Best Actor prize for Wagner Moura, the Best Director prize for Mendonça and the FIPRESCI Prize. It received further widespread critical acclaim.
As the raids were being conducted in Brussels, the Italian State Police executed two European Arrest Warrants in Italy. Maria Colleoni, Panzeri's wife, was arrested at their family home in Calusco d'Adda, near Bergamo, Italy, and his daughter, Silvia Panzeri, was arrested later that evening in Milan. Both women were transferred to a prison in Bergamo for detention. As of 14 December 2022, they had been released under house arrest to a property in Lombardy. Shortly thereafter, Italian authorities raided the Italian home of Francesco Giorgi, where an additional €20,000 in cash was confiscated. The European Arrest Warrant confirmed reports that the charges against Panzeri were related to corruption and gifts he had received from nation-states. The publication of the warrant was the first time that Morocco was implicated in the scandal. The day after the raids, on 10 December, a further search was conducted at the home of Belgian MEP Marc Tarabella, Vice Chair of the European Parliament's Delegation for relations with the Arab Peninsula. Tarabella had not yet been arrested. On 12 December 2022, it was announced that the Greek Anti-Money Laundering Authority had frozen all of Kaili's assets, as well as those of her close family members. This included her bank accounts, safes, companies, and any other financial assets. The head of the Anti-Money Laundering Authority noted that a newly established estate agency in Kolonaki, an upmarket neighbourhood of Athens, was of particular interest to the investigation.
=== Duplicate private keys === Collision (two or more wallets having the same private key) is theoretically possible, since keys can be generated without being used for transactions, and are therefore offline until recorded in the blockchain ledger. However, this possibility is effectively negated because the theoretical probability of two or more private keys being the same is extremely low. The number of possible wallets and thus private keys is extremely high, so duplicating or hacking a certain key would be inconceivable.
== Sports == Canberra Raiders, Australian rugby league football club Chitwan Rhinos, a professional Twenty20 cricket franchise representing Chitwan District, Nepal in the Nepal Premier League (NPL) Colorado Rockies, a Major League Baseball team Cincinnati Reds, another Major League Baseball team Colorado Rockies (NHL), a former National Hockey League team Cristiano Ronaldo, Portuguese footballer Commonwealth record in athletics Commonwealth record in swimming
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=== Glue Library incident === In June 2022, the author of the popular Garry's Mod addons "Glue Library", "View Extension", "Action Extension", and "Ambient Occlusion" altered their work to display shock images such as goatse and play loud sounds. The addons' new source files contained curses directed at Newman, Valve co-founder Gabe Newell, and Steam moderators. According to PC Gamer, the files appeared to indicate the changes were a "deliberate prank" and not due to the addons being compromised. Another user changed their "Trollface Playermodel" addons to present the user with a different set of explicit images and slurs loudly played back in the voice of the cartoon character SpongeBob SquarePants.
=== Production of acrylonitrile === Currently, most acrylonitrile (90% in 2008) is produced by the SOHIO method, which is based on the catalytic oxidation of propylene in the presence of ammonia and bismuth phosphomolybdate. However, until 1960 a key production process was addition of hydrogen cyanide to ethylene oxide, followed by dehydration of the resulting cyanohydrin:
A hydrophilicity plot is a quantitative analysis of the degree of hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity of amino acids of a protein. It is used to characterize or identify possible structure or domains of a protein. The plot has amino acid sequence of a protein on its x-axis, and degree of hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity on its y-axis. There are a number of methods to measure the degree of interaction of polar solvents such as water with specific amino acids. For instance, the Kyte-Doolittle scale indicates hydrophobic amino acids, whereas the Hopp-Woods scale measures hydrophilic residues. Analyzing the shape of the plot gives information about partial structure of the protein. For instance, if a stretch of about 20 amino acids shows positive for hydrophobicity, these amino acids may be part of alpha-helix spanning across a lipid bilayer, which is composed of hydrophobic fatty acids. On the converse, amino acids with high hydrophilicity indicate that these residues are in contact with solvent, or water, and that they are therefore likely to reside on the outer surface of the protein.
== See also == Rec. 2020 – ITU-R Recommendation for UHDTV 4K resolution – Resolutions of common 4K formats and list of 4K-monitors, TVs, projectors 8K resolution – Specifications for ~8x4K UHD and 8Kx8K fulldome Ultra HD Blu-ray – 2160p / 4K (3840 × 2160 resolution) format Blu-ray Disc as specified by Blu-ray Disc Association IMAX – A film theater format that historically has been innovative in creating a more realistic viewing experience High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) VP9 / WebM 22.2 surround sound – The audio component of Super Hi-Vision
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It is a laboratory-made peptide of forty-four amino acids whose sequence matches human growth hormone-releasing hormone, with a modified amino terminus. The modification is a short unsaturated fatty acid chain attached to the first residue. This change slows enzymatic breakdown and lengthens the time the peptide stays active in circulation.
The clinical program was designed around HIV-associated lipodystrophy, a condition in which fat accumulates abnormally around the internal organs. Trials enrolled that specific population, so the evidence base covers it rather than the general population. Regulators approved the drug for the studied indication only, and promotion outside it is not permitted.
Growth hormone therapy supplies the finished hormone directly, while this peptide acts upstream and asks the pituitary to secrete its own. That difference means the response depends on a functioning pituitary and on the body's normal feedback loops. It also means the circulating hormone profile is pulsatile rather than a flat, injected level.
It is a synthetic peptide analog of human growth hormone-releasing hormone. It is used clinically to reduce excess visceral abdominal fat in adults with HIV-associated lipodystrophy. It works by stimulating pituitary growth hormone release.